Feed Laws Lead
- Feed Laws produced ~1/2 of world wind capacity
- ¾ California wind capacity from Feed Law
World Wind 2009
- ~150,000 MW Total
- ~40,000 MW added in 2009
- ~300 TWh/yr
- 20-40% Growth/yr
- 50% Europe; 25% North America; Asia, 25%
Major Fleets
- USA: 35,000 MW
- Germany: 26,000 MW
- China: 26,000 MW
- Spain: ~19,000 MW
- India: 11,000 MW
- Denmark: 3,500 MW
Growth in Major Markets 2004-2008
- China: 14,000 MW/yr
- USA: 10,000 MW/yr
- Spain: 2,500 MW/yr
- Germany: 1,900 MW/yr
- India: 1,300 MW/yr
- France: 1,000 MW/yr
- Italy: 1,000 MW/yr
- Britain: 1,000 MW/yr
- Canada: 1,000 MW/yr
Wind Penetration 2009
- Denmark: 21%
- Spain: 14.3%
- Portugal: 15.3%
- Germany 2008: 6.5%
- California: 1.5-2.5%
German Wind
- 90,000 jobs
- 70% of turbines exported
- 45 TWh/2009
- w/ repowering on land another 10,000 MW
- ~150 TWh on land or ~25% of generation by 2020 (BEE)
German Renewables
- 310,000 jobs
- 16.1% of supply
- 94 TWh/yr
4,000 MW Club
- France,
- Portugal,
- Britain, and
- Italy
Costs
- US$1,500-2,000/kW
- siting costs (birds & bats) increasing
Wind Tariffs (~USD)
- Germany: $0.12/kWh (first 5 years); $0.17/kWh offshore
- France: $0.105/kWh (first 10 years); $0.17/kWh offshore
- Spain: $0.097/kWh (first 15 years)
- Ontario: $0.135 CAD/kWh, $0.19 CAD/kWh offshore, $0.145 CAD/kWh community wind (20 years)
Differentiated Tariffs by Resource Intensity Work
- 60% of new capacity in Germany is in the interior
Typical Yields
- 7 m/s: 1,000 kWh/m2/yr
- 9.5 m/s: 2,000 kWh/m2/yr
Swept Area
- 80 m diameter: 5,000 m2
- 90 m: 6,500 m2
- E112: 10,000 m2
Typical AEO
- 80 m @ 7 m/s: million kWh/yr
- 90 m @ 7 m/s: 6.5 million kWh/yr
- E112 @ 7 m/s: 10 million kWh/yr
Land Area Occupied
- 20 ha/MW
- 50 a/MW
- 80-100 m2 of land area/ m2 rotor swept area
Birds Killed in Altamont
- 2,000-5,000 birds/yr
- 1,000-1,300 raptors/yr
- 1.5-2.2 raptors/MW
- 100 Golden Eagles/yr
- ~20,000 raptors killed since 1984
- 35,000 to 100,000 birds killed since 1984
Bats WV
- 2,000-4,000/yr
Ownership
- Germany: 50% farmer or cooperative owned
- The Netherlands: 65% farmer or cooperative owned
- Denmark: 90% farmer or cooperative owned
- USA, Spain, UK: 0%
California Wind
- ~5.6 TWh/yr
- 1.5-2.5%
