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While not exhaustive, this site contains an extensive collection of articles on Feed Laws, Feed-in Tariffs, and Advanced Renewable Tariffs. Learn more about feed laws and how they have been successful in Europe, and how they can benefit North Americans by following the links below.--Paul Gipe
What are ARTs or FITs?
Electricity Feed Laws, Feed-in Tariffs (FITs), or Advanced Renewable Tariffs (ARTs) are the world's most successful policy mechanism for stimulating the rapid development of renewable energy. Feed Laws are also the most egalitarian method for determining where, when, and how much renewable generating capacity will be installed. Renewable Tariffs enable homeowners, farmers, cooperatives, and First Nations (Native Americans) to participate on an equal footing with large commercial developers of renewable energy.
Electricity Feed Laws permit the interconnection of renewable sources of electricity with the electric-utility network and at the same time specify how much the renewable generator is paid for their electricity. In the United States, feed laws have been described as PURPA on steroids because the price is specified. (In 1978 PURPA permitted interconnection of renewable energy generators with the grid but didn't specify the price, only the means for calculating the price.) Feed Laws are widely used in Europe.
Advanced Renewable Tariffs (ARTs) are the modern version of Electricity Feed Laws. ARTs differ from the simpler feed-in tariffs in several important ways. Tariffs are differentiated by technology. There is one price for wind energy, another price for solar, and so on. Tariffs within each technology can also differentiated by project size or, in the case of wind energy, by the productivity of the resource. Tariffs for new projects are also subject to periodic review to determine if the program is sufficiently robust. For example, programs are reviewed every two years in France and Ontario, and now every three years in Germany.
What are Tariffs?
Tariffs are the price paid per kilowatt-hour of electricity consumed, or in this case, generated. The term is commonly used in North America's electric utility industry. The term is also commonly used in Europe. Tariffs are not taxes nor in this context customs duties on goods crossing international borders.
Renewable Energy Tariffs by Country
Renewable Tariffs Overview
- Renewable Energy in the U.S.: Sneaking in the Backdoor or Walking Through the Front? by Michael Hoexter, Ph.D. (A thoughtful but hard-hitting piece on how to more honestly and forthrightly support renewable energy development.)
- International Solar Energy Society Calls for Feed-in Tariffs
- The Renewable Electron Economy XIV: Renewable Energy Finance and Feed In Tariffs by Michael Hoexter
- Why wind needs feed-in tariffs by Jérôme Guillet
- Solar Energy Study Tour to Germany and German Feed-in Tariff Policy: EcoMotion Network News Vol 11, Issue 8:
- Background on the Cost of Generation and the Chabot Profitability Index Method
- Supporting Solar Photovoltaic Electricity: An Argument for Feed-in Tariffs by the European Photovoltaics Industry Association
- Josef Pesch's Brief Review of Germany's Renewable Policy
- Renewable Tariffs at Progressive Blog Daily Kos
- Renewable Energy Policy Mechanisms by Paul Gipe(1.3mb pdf)
- Lectures by Paul Gipe on Renewable Energy Tariffs
- All Renewables and Renewables for All: Renewable Tariffs for North America by Paul Gipe
- Solar Without Limits: Breaking Free from Net Metering by Paul Gipe
- Feed-in Tariff News Group Forms
- The Irony of U.S. and UK Renewable Policies by Craig Morris
- Europe Has Found a Way to Make Solar Pay by Jeffrey Michel
- Energy, Ethics and Feed-in Tariffs
by Miguel Mendonca, World Future Council
- Interview with Paul Gipe on Feed-In Laws by Hassan Masum, Worldchanging.com
- North American Endorsements of Advanced Renewable Tariffs, Feed Laws, and Standard Offer Contracts
- Energy from Hot Air: Taking a close look at the U.S. & European renewable energy legacies by Craig Morris
- Gore Calls for Renewable Energy Tariffs
- The Debate over Fixed Price Incentives for Renewable Electricity in Europe and the United States
- British Academics Call for Feed Law
- The Use of Feed-In Tariffs To Set Fair Power Prices for Renewable Energy Producers by Mike Holly, Sorgo Fuels
- UPI: Germany model for U.S. market?
- Performance-Based Incentives or Renewable Tariffs for Photovoltaics in the USA (2006)
- British Conservatives Begin Discussion of Feed Law
- France Implements New Renewable Tariffs for Solar, Wind, and Biogas
- Solar Tariffs Spurring PV Growth in North America
- Canada's NDP Suggests Feed Law for Canadian Provinces
- The Power of Language: ARTs are not SOCs
- The Emergence of Renewable Energy Tariff Policies in North America by Wilson Rickerson & Melinda Zytaruk
- Carbon Trust Calls for Urgent Changes to Britain's Renewable Obligation
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The Support of Electricity from Renewable Energy Sources by the European Commission
- European Photovoltaic Industry Association's Position Paper on Feed Laws for PV
- Could Canadians Pave the Way for Renewable Tariffs in North America?
- Renewable Energy Tariffs: Has Their Day Come?
- Renewable Energy Tariffs or Standard Offer Contracts: An Historical Time Line
- Trends Toward & Development of Renewable Energy Tariffs (Electricity Feed Laws) in North America
- Advanced Renewable Tariffs & Electricity Feed Laws
- European Union Policy on Support Schemes for Electricity from Renewable Energy Sources by Volkmar Lauber
- Documents on a Comparison Between Feed-in systems in Germany and Spain
- The spread of renewable energy feed-in tariffs (REFITs) in the EU-25 by Mischa Bechberger and Danyel Reiche, Free University of Berlin
- Electricity Feed Laws Power European Renewables
- Sierra Club (USA) Endorses Electricity Feed Law (2002)
- Renewable Energy Governance Systems by Frede Hvelplund, Aalborg Universitet
The Economic Case
Reviews of Books on Feed-in Tariffs
Links to More on Feed-in Tariffs
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